Germacrane Sesquiterpene Dilactones from Mikania micrantha and Their Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity.

Four new germacrane sesquiterpene dilactones, 2ß-hydroxyl-11ß,13-dihydrodeoxymikanolide (1), 3ß-hydroxyl-11ß,13-dihydrodeoxymikanolide (2), 1α,3ß-dihydroxy-4,9-germacradiene-12,8:15,6-diolide (3), and (11ß,13-dihydrodeoxymikanolide-13-yl)-adenine (4), together with five known ones (5-9) were isolated from the aerial parts of Mikania micrantha. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. Compound 4 is featured with an adenine moiety in the molecule, which is the first nitrogen-containing sesquiterpenoid so far isolated from this plant species. These compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against four Gram-(+) bacteria of Staphyloccocus aureus (SA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Bacillus cereus (BC) and Curtobacterium. flaccumfaciens (CF), and three Gram-(-) bacteria of Escherichia coli (EC), Salmonella. typhimurium (SA), and Pseudomonas Solanacearum (PS). Compounds 4 and 7-9 were found to show strong in vitro antibacterial activity toward all the tested bacteria with the MIC values ranging from 1.56 to 12.5 µg/mL. Notably, compounds 4 and 9 showed significant antibacterial activity against the drug-resistant bacterium of MRSA with MIC value 6.25 µg/mL, which was close to reference compound vancomycin (MIC 3.125 µg/mL). Compounds 4 and 7-9 were further revealed to show in vitro cytotoxic activity toward human tumor A549, HepG2, MCF-7, and HeLa cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 8.97 to 27.39 µM. No antibacterial and cytotoxic activity were displayed for the other compounds. The present research provided new data to support that M. micrantha is rich in structurally diverse bioactive compounds worthy of further development for pharmaceutical applications and for crop protection in agricultural fields.

Thymol derivatives with antibacterial and cytotoxic activity from the aerial parts of Ageratina adenophora.

Three new thymol derivatives, 7-formyl-9-isobutyryloxy-8-hydroxythymol (1), 7,9-di-isobutyryloxy-8,10-dehydrothymol (2) and 2α-methoxyl-3ß-methyl-6-methylol-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (3), along with five known ones (4-8), were isolated from the aerial parts of the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and they were all isolated from the aerial part of A. adenophora for the first time. These compounds, except 8, selectively showed in vitro antimicrobial activity against three Gram-(+) and two Gram-(-) bacterial strains. In particular, compounds 1 and 5 showed notable in vitro antimicrobial activity against all five bacterial strains with IC50 values ranging from 3.9 to 15.6 µg mL-1, as compared to reference compound kanamycin sulfate with a MIC value 1.9-3.9 µg mL-1. Compounds 1 and 5 were further revealed to show in vitro cytotoxic activity against three tested human tumor (MCF-7, NCI-H460 and HeLa) cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 7.45 to 28.63 µM. Compounds 7 and 8 selectively showed slight but detectable in vitro cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 and NCI-H460 cell lines, with IC50 values 44.65-83.19 µM. No cytotoxic effects were detected in the bioassay of the other four thymol derivatives. The present results provide new data to support that the aerial parts of A. adenophora are a rich source of bioactive chemicals valuable in medicinal applications.

Biodiversity and antifouling activity of fungi associated with two soft corals from the South China Sea.

Bacteria in corals have been studied in detail in the past decades. However, the biodiversity and bioactivity of fungi in corals are still poorly understood. This study investigated the biodiversity and antifouling activity of fungi in soft corals Cladiella krempfi and Sarcophyton tortuosum from the South China Sea. A high diverse and abundant fungal community was found in the two soft corals. Furthermore, five isolates shared 83-95% similarity with their closest relatives, indicating that they might be novel species in genera Phaeoshaeria and Mucor. In addition, approximately 50% of the representative isolates exhibited distinct antifouling activity. In particular, isolates Fungal sp. SCAU132 and Fungal sp. SCAU133 displayed very strong antifouling activity against Bugula neritina, suggesting they can provide a potential resource for further investigation on isolation of novel antifouling metabolites. To our knowledge, this study is the first report to investigate the biodiversity and antifouling activity of fungi in C. krempfi and S. tortuosum.

Anti-MRSA Sesquiterpenes from the Semi-Mangrove Plant Myoporum bontioides A. Gray.

The striking rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections has become a serious threat to public health worldwide. In an effort to search for new anti-MRSA agents from natural products, a bioassay-guided phytochemical study was conducted on the semi-mangrove plant Myoporum bontioides A. Gray, which led to the isolation of two new sesquiterpene alkaloids (1 and 2) and six known furanosesquiterpenes (3⁻8). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive analysis of their 1D, 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data. These two new alkaloids (1 and 2) displayed potent anti-MRSA activity with MIC value of 6.25 µg/mL. This is the first report of sesquiterpene alkaloids from the plants of Myoporum genus and their anti-MRSA activity.

Characterization and immunological activity of polysaccharides from Ixeris polycephala.

A water-soluble polysaccharide, named KMCP, was isolated and purified from edible plant Ixeris polycephala by using DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography. Its structure was determined by chemical analysis, methylation analysis, and NMR analysis, coupled with characterization by scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM). The resulting data indicated that KMCP was an arabinogalactan, with an average molecular weight of 1.95×106Da, which was mainly composed of arabinose and galactose in a relative molar ratio of 28.1% and 70.3%, respectively. The structure of KMPC was characterized as 72.5% of (1→4)-ß-Galp residues interspersed with 27.5% of (1→4,6)-ß-Galp residues in the main chain, and the branches were composed of (1→5)-α-Araf moieties or α-Araf (1→5) α-Araf (1→disaccharide moieties attached at O-6 of the (1→4,6)-ß-Galp residues. KMCP was revealed to be capable of exhibiting macrophage-mediated innate immune responses via enhancing phagocytosis of macrophages and increasing production of NO, activating NF-κB signaling pathway and promoting the mice spleen cells proliferation in a dose-dependent manner within the test concentrations (10.0-200.0µg/mL). These results suggested that KMCP could potentially be an effective and safe immunomodulator valuable to be utilized in pharmacological fields or in the development of functional foods.

Triterpenoids with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and cytotoxic activity from the leaves of Akebia trifoliata.

Ten pentacyclic triterpenoids including a new multiflorane triterpene acid, 2α,3ß,23-trihydroxymultiflor-7-en-28-oic acid (1), and a new lupane triterpene monoglucoside named akebiaoside C (2), were obtained from the leaves of Akebia trifoliata. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, and they were all isolated from the leaves of A. trifoliata for the first time. These compounds, except 4 and 5, showed in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity much stronger than acarbose. Especially, 2, 3, 6, 8 and 10 displayed in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values from 0.004 to 0.081 mM, which were close or even more potent than corosolic acid (IC50 0.06 mM). Triterpenoids 1, 8 and 10 were further revealed to show moderate in vitro cytotoxic activity against human tumor A549, HeLa and HepG2 cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 26.5 to 51.9 µM. Compound 9 selectively showed in vitro cytotoxicity toward HeLa and HepG2 cell lines, with IC50 values of 81.49 and 73.47 µM, respectively. These findings provided new data to support that the leaves of A. trifoliata are a rich source in bioactive triterpenoids highly valuable to be developed for medicinal usage.

Phenolics from Mikania micrantha and Their Antioxidant Activity.

A phytochemical study on the aerial parts of Mikania micrantha led to the isolation of two new phenolic compounds, benzyl 5-O-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzoate (1) and (7S,8R)-threo-dihydroxydehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 9-acetate (2), together with twelve known compounds, benzyl 2-O-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-2,6-dihydroxybenzoate (3), 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol glucoside (4), (+)-isolariciresinol (5), icariol A2 (6), 9,10-dihydroxythymol (7), 8,9,10-trihydroxythymol (8), caffeic acid (9), p-coumaric acid (10), ethyl protocatechuate (11), procatechuic aldehyde (12), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), and hydroquinone (14). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. Except 8 and 9, all the other compounds were isolated from this plant species for the first time. The antioxidant activity of those isolated compounds were evaluated using three different assays. Compounds 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 13, and 14 demonstrated significant 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) free radical cation scavenging activity ranging from SC50 0.31 to 4.86 µM, which were more potent than l-ascorbic acid (SC50 = 10.48 µM). Compounds 5, 9, 11, and 12 exhibited more potent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (SC50 = 16.24-21.67 µM) than l-ascorbic acid (39.48 µM). Moreover, the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of compounds 2, 5, 9, and 11 were discovered to be also comparable to or even more potent than l-ascorbic acid.

Two New Thymol Derivatives from the Roots of Ageratina adenophora.

Two new thymol derivatives, 7,9-diisobutyryloxy-8-ethoxythymol (1) and 7-acetoxy-8-methoxy-9-isobutyryloxythymol (2), were isolated from fresh roots of Ageratina adenophora, together with four known compounds, 7,9-di-isobutyryloxy-8-methoxythymol (3), 9-oxoageraphorone (4), (-)-isochaminic acid (5) and (1α,6α)-10-hydroxycar-3-ene-2-one (6). Their structures were established on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis, and they were all isolated from the roots of A. adenophora for the first time. All the compounds were tested for their in vitro antibacterial activity toward three Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacterial strains. Thymol derivatives 1-3 only selectively showed slight in vitro bacteriostatic activity toward three Gram-positive bacteria. The two known carene-type monoterpenes 5 and 6 were found to show moderate in vitro antibacterial activity against all five tested bacterial strains, with MIC values from 15.6 to 62.5 µg/mL. In addition, compounds 5 and 6 were further revealed to show in vitro cytotoxicity against human tumor A549, HeLa and HepG2 cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 18.36 to 41.87 µM. However, their cytotoxic activities were inferior to those of reference compound adriamycin.

Two New Pentacyclic Triterpene Saponins from the Leaves of Akebia trifoliata.

Two new pentacyclic triterpene saponins, named akebiaoside K (1) and akebiaoside N (2), were isolated from the leaves of Akebia trifoliata, together with five known triterpenoids 3-7. They were all isolated from the leaves of A. trifoliata for the first time. Their structures were established by spectral and chemical means. Triterpenes 5 and 7 were found to show moderate in vitro cytotoxicity against human tumor A549, HeLa and HepG2 cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 0.023 to 0.038 mM. Triterpenes 5-7 were further revealed to show significant in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values from 0.040 to 0.220 mM, making them more potent than the reference compound acarbose (IC50 0.409 mM). Meanwhile, no obvious inhibitory effects were observed for the isolated triterpene saponins 1-4 in both bioactivity assays.

[Chemical Constituents from Sphagneticola trilobata].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of the whole plant of Sphagneticola trilobata. METHODS: The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography and their structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques. RESULTS: Three lignans, two indolics and two phenolic glycosides were isolated from the whole plant of Sphagneticola trilobata and identified as syringaresinol-4-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside(1), pinoresinol-4-sulfate(2), pinoresinol-4-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside(3), 1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid (4), 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde(5), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenol-1-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (6), and 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenol-1-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (7). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1 - 7 are isolated from the genus Wedelia for the first time. Compound 4 demonstrates significant inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase.

[Minimally invasive treatment for fresh acromioclavicular dislocation and the distal clavicle fracture].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the minimally invasive treatment for fresh acromioclavicular dislocation and the distal clavicle fracture. METHODS: Thirty skeletons of human shoulder were measured and compared, and the normal data on healthy people were measured with the help of ultrasound-guided. So the invasion point was located at the cross between subclavian axis and the line from coracoid tip to apophysis behind cone ligament node. From January 2001 to January 2010, 127 patients with fresh acromioclavicular dislocation and distal clavicle fracture were treated with minimally invasive internal fixation after locating the invasive point at the body surface. Among the patients, 97 patients were male and 30 patients were female, ranging in age from 19 to 56 years, with an average of 43 years. According to Rockwood classification, among 93 patients with fresh acromioclavicular dislocation, 67 patients were type III, 11 patients were type IV and 15 patients were type V. All the 34 patients with distal clavicle fractures were associated with coracoclavicular ligament broken. The duration from injury to operation ranged from 1 to 8 days. The therapeutic effects were evaluated by using the of shoulder scoring system, University of California (UCLA). RESULTS: After the minimally invasive treatment, all the patients had completely reduction at early time. One hundred and thirteen patients were followed up,and the duration ranged from 13 to 15 months,averaged 14 months. Nine patients had screw loose slightly within 30 days, but the reductions and functions were acceptable. Seven patients had complications of frozen shoulder and recovered in 6 months. The average UCLA shoulder score was (32.0 +/- 4.7), and 87 patients got an excellent result, 20 good and 6 fair. CONCLUSION: This minimally invasive treatment has advantages such as little trauma and low cost, which is worthy of clinical applications.